El cuidado en la prevención de caídas en personas mayores: metaresumen de artículos cualitativos / The care in the prevention of falls in elderly people: Meta-summary of qualitative articles

Objetivo: Resumir la evidencia cualitativa sobre el papel de los proveedores de cuidados en la prevención de las caídas de personas mayores de 65años en centros y en la comunidad. Diseño: Metarresumen de evidencias cualitativas siguiendo el método de agregación. Fuentes de datos: Búsqueda manual y extensiva en 16 bases de datos (CINAHL, Pubmed/Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, PeDRO, Opengrey [Reports], Cuiden, Cuidatge, Enfispo, Medes, Lilacs, Teseo, Dissertation and Thesis Global e Ibecs), en inglés, francés, español y portugués; sin límite temporal. Selección de estudios: Selección y valoración crítica ciega por pares. Se realizó un primer cribado de relevancia y pertinencia y un segundo cribado de valoración crítica. Se localizaron 4.170 artículos; se evaluaron críticamente 41 artículos cualitativos y se seleccionaron 31. Extracción de datos: Se extrajeron datos relativos al autor, año, diseño de estudio, lugar, participantes (número, edad, sexo y ocupación), métodos del estudio y hallazgos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y temático. Resultados: El análisis reveló 4 grandes temas: factores precipitantes, modelos preventivos, sentimientos y proceso de toma de decisiones. Destaca también el difícil acto del equilibrio ético, el papel de la institución en la prevención y la fragmentación del cuidado, como claves para una implantación exitosa. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos manifiestan la complejidad de la prevención en caídas y la necesidad de incorporar opiniones de los proveedores de cuidados en los modelos preventivos.(AU)

Objective: To summarize the qualitative evidence on the role of care providers in the prevention of falls of persons over 65 years of age in centres and in the community. Design: Meta-summary of qualitative evidence following the aggregation method. Data sources: Extensive manual search of 16 databases (CINAHL, Pubmed/Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, PeDRO, Opengrey (Reports), Cuiden, Cuidatge, Enfispo, Medes, Lilacs, Teseo, Dissertation and Thesis Glob al and Ibecs), in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese; no time limit. Selection of studies: Selection and blind critical appraisal by pairs. A first relevance and relevance screening and a second critical appraisal screening were carried out. A total of 4170 articles were located; 41 qualitative articles were critically appraised and 31 were selected. Data extraction: Data regarding author, year, study design, location, participants (number, age, sex and occupation), study methods and findings were extracted. Results: The analysis revealed four major themes: precipitating factors, preventive models, feelings and decision-making process. It also highlights the difficult act of ethical balance, the role of the institution in prevention and the fragmentation of care, as keys to successful implementation. Conclusions: The findings show the complexity of fall prevention and the need to incorporate care providers’ opinions in preventive models.(AU)

[The care in the prevention of falls in elderly people: Meta-summary of qualitative articles]. / El cuidado en la prevención de caídas en personas mayores: metaresumen de artículos cualitativos.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the qualitative evidence on the role of care providers in the prevention of falls of persons over 65 years of age in centres and in the community. DESIGN: Meta-summary of qualitative evidence following the aggregation method. DATA SOURCES: Extensive manual search of 16 databases (CINAHL, Pubmed/Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, PeDRO, Opengrey (Reports), Cuiden, Cuidatge, Enfispo, Medes, Lilacs, Teseo, Dissertation and Thesis Global and Ibecs), in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese; no time limit. SELECTION OF STUDIES: Selection and blind critical appraisal by pairs. A first relevance and relevance screening and a second critical appraisal screening were carried out. A total of 4170 articles were located; 41 qualitative articles were critically appraised and 31 were selected. DATA EXTRACTION: Data regarding author, year, study design, location, participants (number, age, sex and occupation), study methods and findings were extracted. RESULTS: The analysis revealed four major themes: precipitating factors, preventive models, feelings and decision-making process. It also highlights the difficult act of ethical balance, the role of the institution in prevention and the fragmentation of care, as keys to successful implementation. CONCLUSIONS: The findings show the complexity of fall prevention and the need to incorporate care providers' opinions in preventive models.

La prevención de las caídas de las personas mayores y sus familiares: una síntesis cualitativa / Fall prevention in older people and their families: a qualitative synthesis

Objetivo: Analizar y sintetizar la evidencia sobre la prevención de las caídas de las personas mayores de 65 años y los proveedores de cuidados familiares.Método: Síntesis cualitativa que forma parte de una revisión sistemática integrativa de diseño convergente. Se retuvieron 41 estudios cualitativos para su lectura a texto completo y quedaron seleccionados nueve estudios de proveedores de cuidados familiares.Resultados: Las relaciones de parentesco y de cuidados median en las intervenciones de los familiares para prevenir las caídas de las personas mayores; la caída de la persona dependiente constituye un punto de inflexión en estas relaciones. Las personas cuidadoras son un grupo vulnerable de sufrir una caída, y por ello son merecedoras de acciones preventivas. Conclusiones: Considerar el contexto de las relaciones familiares y de cuidados mejorará la eficacia de las intervenciones preventivas y facilitará su aceptación. Las políticas y los programas de prevención de las caídas deben prestar mayor atención a la salud y el bienestar de los/las proveedores/as de cuidados familiares. (AU)

Objective: To analyse and synthesize the evidence on fall prevention of people older than 65 years and their family care providers Method: Qualitative synthesis, which is a part of a convergent systematic integrative review. Forty-one qualitative studies were retained for full text scrutiny. Nine studies on family care providers were selected for this synthesis. Results: Care providing, and kinship relationships mediated family care providers' interventions to prevent falls in older people. The fall of the dependent relative constitutes a turning point in these relationships. Family care providers are vulnerable to having a fall themselves and therefore receivers of preventive interventions. Conclusions: Taking into account the context of care and family relations will improve the effectiveness of preventive interventions and will facilitate adherence. Fall prevention policy and programmes must pay better attention to the health and wellbeing of family care providers. (AU)

[Fall prevention in older people and their families: a qualitative synthesis]. / La prevención de las caídas de las personas mayores y sus familiares: una síntesis cualitativa.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse and synthesize the evidence on fall prevention of people older than 65 years and their family care providers METHOD: Qualitative synthesis, which is a part of a convergent systematic integrative review. Forty-one qualitative studies were retained for full text scrutiny. Nine studies on family care providers were selected for this synthesis. RESULTS: Care providing, and kinship relationships mediated family care providers' interventions to prevent falls in older people. The fall of the dependent relative constitutes a turning point in these relationships. Family care providers are vulnerable to having a fall themselves and therefore receivers of preventive interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the context of care and family relations will improve the effectiveness of preventive interventions and will facilitate adherence. Fall prevention policy and programmes must pay better attention to the health and wellbeing of family care providers.

Situating Preventive Action in a Moral and Clinical Context: A Qualitative Synthesis on Fall Prevention.

The prevention of falls is an integral part of the safety culture of health institutions with mandatory fall prevention programs set within health care facilities. Care providers are key in identifying the risks of falls and in implementing strategic actions to prevent them. With the aim to better understand practices of fall prevention, we conducted a synthesis of qualitative evidence on care providers' practices to prevent older people from falling in health care facilities. This synthesis is part of an integrative review of the role of care providers in fall prevention of adults aged 65 years and above. Primary studies were synthesized with the emerging core category of "a complex decision" and described by four emerging conditions that make that decision complex: (a) permanent threat of a fall, (b) continuous flow of information, (c) lack of control, and (d) ethical dilemmas and moral issues over the course of action. The present synthesis shows that before implementing preventive actions, care providers consider the conditions in which they are immersed, in this way situating their preventive actions in a clinical and a moral context.

To manage a complex dependency: The experience of caregiving after a fall.

AIM: To understand the experience of family members of an older relative who has had a fall which required medical attention. BACKGROUND: There is abundant bibliography in caregiving, but little is known about the problems faced by caregivers and how family members cope when their older relative has a fall. DESIGN: Qualitative study that used a symbolic interactionism perspective. METHODS: Twenty-two people with older relatives, who had had a fall and contacted health services in Spain, participated in the study. Data were obtained via written accounts, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews between February 2014 - December 2015. Analysis was guided by grounded theory procedures. RESULTS: With the fall, dependency becomes a complex issue for the family. To manage a complex dependency is the core issue that emerges from the data analysis. It depicts family efforts to assist their relative in gaining autonomy after a fall, in the best conditions they can provide. They do this with little guidance and support from healthcare professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Guides and protocols for the care of a fragile older person, particularly after a fall, should not only include care but also support to caregivers. Health professionals and especially nurses need to be aware and respond to the family caregivers needs after a fall. To the fall prevention initiatives already in place, it must be added that those who support family members to cope with the care of an older person who has had a fall.

[To recuperate and preserve the relative: Family caregivers strategies to manage mental health crisis]. / Recuperar y conservar al familiar: estrategias de los familiares cuidadores para hacer frente a las crisis de salud mental.

AIM: To know and understand the strategies carried out by the relatives of people with mental health problems in the care of their sick relatives. DESIGN: Qualitative study SETTING: Mental Health Service (SESCAM) and Social Health Centres of Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four adult family members who live and care for a family member who suffers a mental health crisis. The participants were contacted both through the health directorate of the area and a social health foundation. They were selected with purpose and by snowball sampling. METHOD: Twenty-two semi-structured were conducted and analysed according to the constructivist grounded theory procedures between January 2014 and February 2016. The theoretical sampling guided the obtaining of the data that ended with the saturation of the emerging categories. RESULTS: A person with a mental problem during a crisis becomes a stranger and is inaccessible to family members. In this situation the efforts are aimed at the recovery of the relative, to take them out of the unreason and to keep them in a day-to-day normality constructed for them. Thanks to this, the ill relative is integrated into family life. CONCLUSIONS: Family caregivers of people with mental problems struggle not to lose them in a crisis and to maintain family ties. Primary care professionals must give importance to these links, because it determines their care strategies during a crisis and the strategies to conserve the family member.

Heredar y adaptar: la construcción de un mundo material-tecnológico para los cuidados en salud en españa (1855-1955) / Herdar e adaptar: a construção de um mundo material-tecnológico para os cuidados em saúde na espanha (1855-1955) / Handing down and adaption: the construction of the material world of health care technology in spain (1855-1955)

ABSTRACT This historical study uses qualitative methods to analyze and describe the components of the material world of nursing care in Spain between 1855 and 1955 based on the analysis of eight nurse training manuals. A total of 360 objects and 45 procedures were recorded. Manual analysis was carried out concurrently with data collection based on the Grounded Theory approach. Findings show that the material world of health care was composed of objects that were handed down by the medical profession to health care professionals and adapted objects, improvised mainly out of everyday household items. While the handing down of medical tools and instruments could be said to be a theoretical and technical achievement, it is not clear whether it was also a scientific accomplishment. The improvisation of objects out of everyday household items promoted by the manuals highlights the artisan-like and ingenious nature of nursing practice, which should be explored further in future studies to provide a greater understanding and promote the recognition of these objects as a health care technology.

RESUMO Estudo histórico que utiliza técnicas qualitativas com objetivo de descrever e analisar os componentes do mundo material para os cuidados na Espanha entre 1855 e 1955, expressos nos manuais de formação. Foram estudados oito manuais para formação de profissionais do cuidado. Registaram-se 360 objetos e 45 procedimentos. A análise foi simultânea à coleta de informação, seguindo os procedimentos da Teoria Fundamentada no Dados. Os resultados mostraram que o mundo material dos cuidados estava formado por objetos herdados da prática médica e objetos de caráter doméstico adaptados. Assim, enquanto o legado de objetos da prática médica poderia representar uma conquista teórica e técnica, não está claro se também científica. A adaptaçao de objetos terapêuticos a partir de coisas comuns que os manuais promoviam, indica um trabalho artesanal e engenhoso dos profissionais do cuidado, que estudos posteriores podem ampliar e contribuir para o seu reconhecimento como tecnologia para cuidar.

RESUMEN Estudio histórico que utiliza técnicas cualitativas, cuyo objetivo es describir y analizar componentes del mundo material para los cuidados en España entre 1855 y 1955, reflejados en manuales de formación profesional de la época. Se estudiaron ocho manuales completos, se registraron 360 objetos y 45 procedimientos. El análisis fue concurrente con la recolección de información, siguiendo procedimientos de la Teoría Fundamentada. Los resultados muestran que el mundo material para los cuidados estaba formado por objetos heredados de la práctica médica y objetos de carácter doméstico adaptados. Así, mientras la herencia de objetos de la práctica médica podría representar una conquista teórica y técnica, no está claro si también científica. La adaptación de objetos terapéuticos, a partir de cosas corrientes que los manuales promovían, indica un trabajo artesanal e ingenioso de los profesionales del cuidado que estudios posteriores podrían ampliar y contribuir a su reconocimiento como tecnología para cuidar.

Analizar Cualitativamente: De las consideraciones generales al pensamiento reflexivo / Qualitative analysis: From general issues to reflexivity

Analizar cualitativamente es una manera de pensar que se ha descrito como activa, interactiva, sistemática, organizada y sostenida en el tiempo. Consiste en un proceso, con frecuencia desordenado, en el que se hace una focalización progresiva de los temas que surgen en el estudio. Este proceso tiene unos procedimientos específicos a los métodos, además de otros comunes a ellos. En este artículo nos centraremos en la elaboración de memorandos, un procedimiento común de análisis que cada vez tiene más peso y reconocimiento en la bibliografía. Utilizaremos, como ejemplo para ilustrarlos, su papel en el análisis realizado durante un estudio histórico. El mérito de los estudios cualitativos reside en la calidad de sus resultados, a esta calidad contribuye la elaboración de memorandos que son básicamente la expresión del pensamiento reflexivo

Qualitative analysis is being described as a way of thinking that is active, interactive, systematic, organized and sustained. It is a process, often disorganized, that gradually focuses on the emerging themes in the study. The process has specific and common procedures to the methods. In this paper we focus on memos one of the common procedures that has increasingly importance and acknowledgement in the literature. We will use the memos developed during a history study illustrate its role in qualitative analysis. The merit of qualitative studies lies in the quality of its findings. To this quality contribute the memos that are basically the expression of reflexivity

Material world and social recognition: Nursing care in Spain (1855-1955).

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to recognize the active and symbolic role played by the objects from the material world for nursing care in Spain between 1855 and 1955. METHODOLOGY: This was a historical study using procedures from founded theory. The information sources were eight handbooks for the formation of healthcare professionals published in Spain, during the period of interest. The information was gathered from March 2012 to June 2013. During this period, the sources were revised comprehensively and bibliographic information, description of instruments, and analysis files were made; methodological and analytic memoranda were written. Forty-five procedures and 360 material objects were registered. RESULTS: The categories ''principal and secondary objects'' and ''guarded objects'' reveal the influence exerted by the objects from the material world for care. CONCLUSION: In Spain, between 1855 and 1955, nursing care was carried out within a scenario comprised of objects with secondary status and situated within the periphery of care, as well as by guarded objects that professionals could not use. This material world influenced the social recognition of healthcare professionals at the time and the visibility of their work.

Un mundo en transición: Objetos para los cuidados en España entre 1855 y 1955 / A World in Transition: Objects Used for Care in Spain between 1855 and 1955 / Um mundo em transição: Objetos para os cuidados na Espanha entre 1855 e 1955

Objetivo: describir el mundo material para los cuidados de enfermería en España entre 1855 y 1955. Método: estudio histórico, con procedimientos de investigación cualitativa. Las fuentes de información fueron manuales dirigidos a la formación de profesionales dedicados al cuidado de los enfermos. Resultados: en los manuales revisados, el contexto, los escenarios y las personas dedicadas a los cuidados se presentan concurrentemente. La habitación con su mobiliario y condiciones físicas y ambientales era el escenario principal para cuidar. Esta, junto a los objetos utilizados en ella con finalidad terapéutica, conformaba el mundo material para los cuidados. Los objetos del mundo material tenían cuatro propiedades respecto al uso: 1) reutilizables, si se usaban más de una vez; 2) polivalentes, cuando tenían diferentes usos prácticos; 3) sustituibles, otros podían reemplazarlos en el uso, y 4) importados, se incorporaban objetos de otros contextos al escenario de los cuidados. Discusión y conclusiones: el mundo material para los cuidados en España en la época de interés se encontraba en un contexto de salud-enfermedad de transición: de la teoría de los miasmas a la de los gérmenes, de proporcionar cuidados generalistas a cuidados especializados y de la presencia de diferentes figuras profesionales dedicadas al cuidado a su unificación. Este era un contexto amplio, tecnológico y heterogéneo. Las propiedades de los objetos enriquecían este mundo material y facilitaban la compleja y creativa labor de quienes cuidaban, cuyas herramientas de trabajo se describían en los manuales como sencillas y vulgares.

Objective: This research was designed to describe the objects used in the world of nursing care in Spain between 1855 and 1955. Method: It is a historical study conducted with qualitative research methods. The sources of information were training manuals for professional nurses. Results: The context, the settings and those involved in nursing care are presented concurrently in the manuals that were reviewed. The patient's room, with its furniture and physical and environmental conditions, was the primary stage for nursing care. This setting, together with the objects used in it for therapeutic purposes, comprised the material world for nursing care. With respect to their use, the objects in that material world had four properties: 1) reusable, if used more than once; 2) multi-purpose, when they had different practical uses; 3) substitutable, when others could be used in their place, and 4) imported objects or those brought from other contexts and incorporated into the scenario of care. Discussion and Conclusions: The material world of care in Spain during the period in question was in a context of health-illness transition from the miasmatic theory to the germ theory, from general care to specialized care, and from the presence of different professionals dedicated to care to their unification. It was a broad, technological and heterogeneous context. The properties of these objects enriched this material world and facilitated the complex and creative work of those who provided care and whose tools are described in the manuals as simple and unrefined.

Objetivo: descrever o mundo material para os cuidados de enfermagem na Espanha entre 1855 e 1955. Método: estudo histórico, com procedimentos de pesquisa qualitativa. As fontes de informação foram manuais dirigidos à formação de profissionais dedicados ao cuidado dos doentes. Resultados: nos manuais revisados, o contexto, os cenários e as pessoas dedicadas aos cuidados apresentam-se simultaneamente. O quarto, com seu mobiliário e condições físico-ambientais, era o cenário principal para cuidar. Este, junto com os objetos utilizados nele com finalidade terapêutica, conformava o mundo material para os cuidados. Os objetos do mundo material tinham quatro propriedades a respeito do uso: 1) reutilizáveis, se eram usados mais de uma vez; 2) polivalentes, quanto tinham diferentes usos práticos; 3) substituíveis, outros podiam substituí-los no uso e 4) importados, incorporavam-se objetos de outros contextos ao cenário dos cuidados. Discussão e conclusões: o mundo material para os cuidados na Espanha na época em questão se encontrava num contexto de saúde-doença de transição: da teoria dos miasmas à dos germes, de proporcionar cuidados gerais a cuidados especializados e da presença de diferentes figuras profissionais dedicadas ao cuidado da sua unificação. Este era um contexto amplo, tecnológico e heterogêneo. As propriedades dos objetos enriqueciam esse mundo material e facilitavam o complexo e criativo trabalho de quem cuidava, cujas ferramentas de trabalho se descreviam nos manuais como simples e vulgares.

Material world and social recognition: Nursing care in Spain (1855-1955) / Mundo material y reconocimiento social: los cuidados de enfermería en España entre 1855 y 1955 / Mundo material e reconhecimento social: os cuidados de enfermagem na Espanha (1855-1955)

Objective. This study sought to recognize the active and symbolic role played by the objects from the material world for nursing care in Spain between 1855 and 1955. Methodology. This was a historical study using procedures from founded theory. The information sources were eight handbooks for the formation of healthcare professionals published in Spain, during the period of interest. The information was gathered from March 2012 to June 2013. During this period, the sources were revised comprehensively and bibliographic information, description of instruments, and analysis files were made; methodological and analytic memoranda were written. Forty-five procedures and 360 material objects were registered. Results. The categories ''principal and secondary objects'' and ''guarded objects'' reveal the influence exerted by the objects from the material world for care. Conclusion. In Spain, between 1855 and 1955, nursing care was carried out within a scenario comprised of objects with secondary status and situated within the periphery of care, as well as by guarded objects that professionals could not use. This material world influenced the social recognition of healthcare professionals at the time and the visibility of their work.

Objetivo. Reconocer el papel activo y simbólico que jugaron los objetos del mundo material para los cuidados de enfermería en España entre 1855 y 1955. Metodología. Estudio histórico que utiliza procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada. Las fuentes de información fueron ocho manuales para la formación de los profesionales de los cuidados publicados en España, en la época de interés. La recolección de la información se realizó desde marzo de 2012 hasta junio de 2013. En este periodo, se revisaron íntegramente las fuentes y se realizaron fichas con información bibliográfica, de descripción de instrumentos y de análisis. A su vez, se escribieron memorandos metodológicos y analíticos. Se registraron 45 procedimientos y 360 objetos materiales. Resultados. Las categorías ''objetos principales y secundarios'' y ''objetos custodiados'' revelan la influencia que ejercían los objetos del mundo material para los cuidados. Conclusión. En España entre 1855 y 1955, los cuidados de enfermería se daban en un escenario conformado especialmente por objetos con estatus secundario y situados en la periferia de los cuidados, como también por los objetos custodiados que los profesionales no podían usar. Este mundo material influía en el reconocimiento social de los profesionales del cuidado de la época y en la visibilidad de su trabajo.

Objetivo. Reconhecer o papel ativo e simbólico que jogaram os objetos do mundo material para os cuidados de enfermagem na Espanha entre 1855 e 1955. Metodologia. Estudo histórico que utiliza procedimentos da teoria fundamentada. As fontes de informação foram oito manuais para a formação dos profissionais dos cuidados publicados na Espanha, na época de interesse. A recolha da informação se realizou desde março de 2012 até junho de 2013. Neste período, revisaram-se integralmente as fontes e se realizaram fichas com informação bibliográfica, de descrição de instrumentos e de análises. A sua vez, escreveram-se memorandos metodológicos e analíticos. Registraram-se 45 procedimentos e 360 objetos materiais. Resultados. As categorias ''objetos principais e secundários'' e ''objetos custodiados'' revelam a influência que exerciam os objetos do mundo material para os cuidados. Conclusão. Na Espanha entre 1855 e 1955, os cuidados de enfermaria se davam num palco conformado especialmente por objetos com status secundário e situados na periferia dos cuidados, como também pelos objetos custodiados que os profissionais não podiam usar. Este mundo material influía no reconhecimento social dos profissionais do cuidado da época e na visibilidade de seu trabalho.

Museo Histórico de Enfermería Fundación José Llopis: un museo on line / Historical Museum of Nursing Jose Llopis Foundation: an online museum

El Museo Histórico de Enfermería Fundación José Llopis es un Museo On line. Su principal objetivo es difundir el patrimonio histórico de la enfermería de forma virtual, para que sea cada vez más accesible y conocido alrededor del mundo. Es un museo sin limitaciones físicas ni geográficas, un museo abierto y útil para la profesión, la formación y la investigación. En el museo, el conocimiento de distintos elementos patrimoniales, localizados en cualquier lugar y exhibidos de forma digital fortalece la identidad profesional y ayuda al desarrollo disciplinar (AU)

The Historical Nursing Museum of Jose Llopis foundation is anon line museum. It aims at disseminating the nursing historical heritage by virtual means so to make it more accessible and better known in the world. It is a museum with no physical or geographical limitations, open all the time and useful to the nursing profession and for nursing education and research. In this museum, the knowledge of the different heritage objects, being localized from many places and virtually exhibited, strengthens professional identity and contributes to the disciplinary development (AU)

Tecnología y Humanización de los Cuidados. Una mirada desde la Teoría de las Relaciones Interpersonales / Technology and humanization of nursing care. the view from the interpersonal relations theory

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar cómo la deshumanización de los cuidados de enfermería no se debe sólo a la tecnología, sino que es multifactorial, además, resaltar las relaciones interpersonales en la práctica humanizada. Para esto, a manera de orientación metodológica, se aborda la teoría de las relaciones interpersonales de Hildegard E. Peplau como paso previo a la enumeración de los factores deshumanizantes que confluyen en el medio hospitalario y han sido identificados en la bibliografía. Asimismo, se desarrolla una reflexión sobre la función de la tecnología como un medio para la humanización de los cuidados. Finalmente, se muestra la teoría de las relaciones interpersonales como base teórica para la humanización de la atención de enfermería, tanto en la formación como en práctica profesional. Esta teoría, claramente entiende el recurso tecnológico como medio y posiciona al paciente como fin único del cuidado de enfermería (AU)

The purpose of this paper is to show that technology is not the only cause of dehumanization of nursing care but it is a multifactor phenomenon and to highlight human relations as the cornerstone of a humane practice. Hildergard E. Peplau theory of human relations is used as methodological framework and as a previous step to identify dehumanizing factors that operate in the hospital realm and have been identified in the literature. In addition, de paper develops a refection about the role that technology as a means in humanizing nursing care. Finally, the papers shows the theory of the interpersonal relations as theoretical support the humanization of nursing care in both its education and in its practice. This theory clearly understands technology as a means and the patient as the sole end of nursing care (AU)

Los estudiantes de enfermería de la Universidad de Antioquiaen la real -red de enfermería de América Latina- / Universidad de Antioquia nursing students in REAL - Latin America's nursing net-

Este articulo presenta la propuesta que los estudiantes de VII nivel de la Facultad de Enfermería de la Universidad de Antioquia elaboramos, para tener una participación interactiva en la Red de Enfermería de América Latina, REAL, con el fin de potenciar el desarrollo de la profesión de Enfermería, de acuerdo con la tecnología disponible, la necesidad constante de actualización y los beneficios del trabajo en red.El trabajo en red aporta grandes ventajas a los estudiantes y a la profesión de Enfermería; con él, el ejercicio profesional se puede fortalecer, así como el crecimiento personal. Para que haya red tiene que haber personas dispuestas a dialogar con otras que no conocemos, que físicamente no están y que podemos eludir simplemente apagando el computador. En el primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Estudiantes de Bibliotecología y Ciencias de la Información realizado en Medellín en 1998 , se identificaron cuatro niveles para el trabajo en red: intercambio de Información, coordinación, cooperación y colaboración.Partiendo de esto, las estrategias que se plantean para la interacción de estudiantes, docentes y profesionales en Enfermería de diversas culturas dentro de la REAL , tiene en cuenta tres aspectos fundamentales a la hora de la planeación y estructuración de la propuesta, estos son: Iniciar, Sostener y Evaluar ; se presentaran momentos en los que una determinada estrategia sirva para dos o mas fines . Las estrategias planteadas son : 1- Diseño de un póster REAL. 2- Crear un portal llave para la REAL . 3- Abrir un espacio de interacción estudiantil en la REAL. 4- Publicación : Estudiantes en red. 5- Celebrar un encuentro REAL. 6- reunión Académica de Enfermería RAE.